PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT

guyssssss.. ini materi terakir :D asikkk
oya , sorry ya kalo materi nya kurang lengkap.. kan aku msh belajar. hehe thanks ya :) semoga dapat membantu..

Prepositions of Time: at, in, on

The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:

We use:

• at for a PRECISE TIME
• in for MONTHS, YEARS, CENTURIES and LONG PERIODS
• on for DAYS and DATES

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

as Nouns
-a dwelling that serves as living quarters for one or more families
-the members of a business organization that owns or operates one or more establishments
-the members of a religious community living together
-the audience gathered together in a theatre or cinema
-an official assembly having legislative powers
-aristocratic family line
-play in which children take the roles of father or mother or children and pretend to interact like adults

PASSIVE VOICE

Passive voice is a grammatical voice in which the subject receives the action of a transitive verb, and passive refers more generally to verbs using this construction and the passages in which they are used.
The Generic Structure/Formula :

* Active : S + Vactive + O
* Passive : O + to be + V3 + by + S

Passive Voice in Tenses :

1. Simple Present Tense
· Active : V1(es/s)
· Passive : To be(is, am, are) + V3

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:

- I wonder if you remember.....
- You remember...., don’t you?
- You haven’t forgotten...., have you?
- Don’t you remember.....?
- Do you happen to remember it now?Ways to respond:
- Let me think, yes, I remember.
- I remember especially the scenery.
- I’ll never forget that
- I’ll always remember.
- I can remember it clearly.Informal expressions:
- Remember the old house we used to live in?
- Remember that?
- I’m sorry I don’t rememberWays to respond:
- Hold on. Yes, got it!
- I know.....
- It’s coming back to me now.Respond if you forget:
- Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
- I’m affraid I forget.
- I really can’t remember.
- I’m afraid I have no memory of him
- Errr, let me think. No, it’s gone
- Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

OFFERING

Definition :
The expression of “ Would you like....”is normally used for offering something to someone.

Example:
Serli : Would you like a juice, Ayu ?
Ayu : Yes, please. Thank you. Hmmm...this juice tastes good
Serli : Thank you. I’m glad you like it.

Offering may refer to:
* Offering, a collection of donations during religious worship, see alms, tithe or charity
* Offering, a religious sacrifice of plant, animal or human life
* Offering (Buddhism), a part of devotional practice
* Securities offering, a discrete round of investment, usually regulated in the United States by the Securities Act of 1933

SIMPLE FUTURE

hello guys , lanjut lagi nih nulis2 daripada ga ada kerjaan.. hehee
topik nya SIMPLE FUTURE :)

Definition :
Simple Future Tense used to express occurrence/activity to happened/to be done in the future,do 10 minutes or 1 hour to come ,tomorrow ,the day after tomorrow ,next week,next month ,next year,and so on.If past tenses express occurrence/activity after now ( time past ) ,tenses future simple express occurrence /activity before now
( time future).
Positive Tenses
Pattern :
-> S + will+ verb1+ O+ modifier
-> S + ( is,are.am ) + going + verb1+ O+ modifier
-> S + ( is,are,am ) + ( verb1 + ing ) + O + modifier

NOUN PHRASES

noun phrases is other a single noun or any group of words containing noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of averb.

For example, ‘they’ , ‘books’, and ‘the books’, are noun phrases, but ‘book’ is just a noun, as you can see in these sentences (in which the noun phrases are all in bold)

- Structure of Noun Phrases:
• A beautiful old painting on the wall

When you use a noun in front of another noun, you never put adjectives between them, you put adjectives in front of the first noun.
Example : We just spoke with a young American boy
Noun phrase can be in form of gerund (base + ing) or gerund and other nouns compounding.
Example : Passing the exam watching TV

FINITE VERBS

Finite verb is a verb that is inflected for person and for tense according to the rules and categories of the languages in which it occurs.
Finite verb can form “ Independent clause “ which can stand by their own as complete sentences , an independent clause as a complete sentence. It contains themain subject and verb of a sentences.


In English , only verbs in certain mood are finite
These include :

1. Indicative mood : expressing a state of affairs.

Dalam indicative mood, finite verb harus menggunakan varb, example :
1. The buldoser demolished the restaurant.
2. Ani is going to visit her mother in hospital.
3. He has waited his father since morning.

NEWS ITEM

guys.. materi News Item ini materi presentasi aku kemarin hehe..

News item is a factual text which inform reader or daily newspaper about events of the day which are regarder as newsworth or important.

The generic structure of News item :
* Headline.
* Correspondence.
* Newsworthy events :

Recounts the event in summary form.
* Background events :

Elaborate what happened, to whom, in what circumstances.
* Sources :

INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subjective is an infinitive phrase:
We begin a sentence with it when the real subject is an infinitive phrase.
So instead of saying, ‘To accept your advice is difficult’, we say, ‘It is difficult to accept your advice’.

Structure:

-> It + verb + subject complement + infinitive phrase (real subject)
-> It is easy to learn English. (To learn English is easy.)
-> It is easy to find fault with others. (To find fault with others is easy.)
-> It is difficult to know his motive. (To know his motive is difficult.)
-> It is difficult to find a good job during these troubled times.
-> It is dangerous to play with fire.
-> It could be dangerous to drive so fast.

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

Descriptive text is available for a screen reader device to audibly describe a graph or map so a visually impaired user can understand the graphical information . Or to describe the characteristic of particular Person, thing , or place .

Textstructure :- Identification: Identifies thing, person, place, phenomenon to be described.
- Description: Gives the information of particular thing, person, or
Place being discussed or describes parts, qualities, or Characteristic.

Language figures :
a. Topic is usually about the attributes of a think.
b. The use of think person pronoun forms is used.
c. The use of focus specific human and non human participants.
d. The use of reasoning expressed as verbs or noun.
e. The use of material.
f. The use of relation and mental process.

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech refers to reproducing another person’s exact word oe saying exactly what someone has said(sometimes called quoted speech) here what a peson says appears within quotation marks(“….”) and should be word for word.

Example of Direct Speech :
1. LIna said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Jalu will say, “I will do my best.”

And what is Indirect speech ? we will discuss it too
Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons word.
Indirect speech have 3 kinds. you can see it now guys !

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

When do we use modals?

-> To talk about someone's ability (or inability) to do something
example: "We can find your house without the street plan."
"She can't have a daughter that old!"

-> To talk about an action that is necessary (or impossible, or not necessary)
example: "You must always have your driver's licence when you are driving your car."
"You needn't carry your passport around with you."

-> To talk about a situation that is possible (or impossible)
example: "Do be careful with that glass, the baby might knock it over"

NARRATIVE TEXT

guys.. narrative text kali ini sama saja seperti di semester 1 yang lalu.. masih ingat kan ? kalo dah lupa dijelasin lagi deh .. hihii :D
Narrative text is a kind of text to retell the story that past tense. The purpose of the text is to entertain or to amuse the readers or listeners about the story.

Narrative text has three elements or parts :
1. The orientation introduces main characters in a setting of place and time. It tells about : the story’s setting , the time when the story happens, and the main characters of the story.
2. The complications tells the problems of the story and how the main characters solve them. Series of events ( It includes situations, activities, or events that lead to the climax or complication. )
3. The Resolution tells the ending of the story (The complication or problem is solved here. It shows the end of the story, usually a happy ending ).

ASKING FOR INFORMATION

Asking Information There are a number of formulas used when asking for information in English. Here are some of the most common:

· Could you tell me…?
· Do you know…?
· Do you happen to know…?
· I’d like to know…
· Could you find out…?
· I’m interested in…
· I’m looking for..

These two forms are used for asking for information on the telephone:
· I’m calling to find out…
· I’m calling about…

INVITATION

nahh materi yang ini sama seperti yang di semester 1 yang lalu juga guys..


INVITATION
Most spore invitation are in the farm of question they often begin with will,would,would you like to,would you care to,etc

Offerins invitation

->Would you like to come to the restaurant this evening?
->Will you join us?
->Would you care to have dinner with us tonight?
->Could you come to a party at my place tomorrow?
->I wander whether you would care to come on a picnic with us next week?

Accepting invitation
->Yes,I’d love very much.
->Thank you.
->Yes,with pleasure.

SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS

now the materi is SURPRISES & DISBELIEFS. this is Expressing if you see someone can do it what you cant do.
This is means of it :
Surprises and Disbeliefs is expression that used to express something that we can’t believe or impossible.

 To express surprise or disbelief:
 What a surprise! That’s a surprise!
 (Well), that’s very surprising!
 Really?
 What?
 Are you serious? You must be joking!
 You’re kidding!
 Fancy that!
 I must say … surprises me.
 I find that hard to believe.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: How can you say that?
B: Well, that’s the fact.

Example of expressing surprise:
A: I can’t believe it!
B: That’s true.

Kind of Surprises and Disbeliefs expression are :
o What a surprises?
o That’s very surprising!
o Really?
o Oh, no…………..
o Are you serious?
o What?
o That’s unbeliefable!
o Fancy that!
o You’re kidding!
o I find that hard to believe.

Surprising amazement of something :
- Fantastic!
- How marvellous/beautiful!
- It’s very interesting!
- It’s great!
- It’s terrific!
- Wow, that’s amazing!
- Wonderful!
- What a nice……
- What a lovely flower!
- Hey, that’s really terrific!

GRATITUDE,COMPLIMENT & CONGRATULATION

hello guys... sekarang kita membahas tentang materi semester 2 lagi..
lets see..

Gratitude
is an expression that we show or say to express grateful feeling to other people. When speaking English, you say “thanks” very often. Please say “thank you” when people give you something, help you do something, wish you something and give you a compliment etc.

Kind of gratitude expression are :
Thank you very much.
Thanks.
I am grateful to……
I want to thank……
I want to express my gratitude to
I keep forgetting to thank you for……

Respon of expressing :
· You are welcome.
· Don’t mention it!
· Not at all.
· It was nothing at all.
· No problem.
· Glad to be of help.
· (it was) my pleasure.
· I am glad I could help.
· I am glad I could do it.
· I am glad I could be of help.

Compliment 

is an expression that we show or say to express/give praise. Some people use compliments to “butter up” somebody or to flatter in order to increase good will .

For example :

Expressing :
o What a nice dress?
o You look great.
o You look very nice.
o I really must express my admiration for you.
o Good grades.
o Excellent.
o Nice work.

Time to expressing compliment :
o On his/her general appearance.
o If you notice something new about the person’s appearance.
o When you visit someone’s house for the first time.
o When other people do their best.

Congratulation 

is an expression that we use to give the congratulation utterance when he/she succeeds in doing something.

Expressing :
v Let me congratulate you.
v Congratulations on your successful business.
v My congratulations on your success.
v Congratulations on your promotion.
v Good!
v That’s great!
v How fortunate.
v Splendid.
v Pretty good.

Responding :
v Thank you.
v Thanks, I needed that.
v That’s very kind of you.
v It’s very kind of you to say that.
v Do you really think so?
v You’ve made my day!
v The same to you.
v I’m glad you like it.Thank you, it’s nice of you to say so.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE

Definition:

a prepositional phrase is a phrase consisting of a preposition, its object, which is usually a noun or a pronoun, and any modifiers of the object. 

 
Recognize a prepositional phrase when you see one.

At the minimum, a prepositional phrase will begin with a preposition and end with a noun,pronoun, gerund, or clause, the "object" of the preposition.

The object of the preposition will often have one or more modifiers to describe it. These are the patterns for a prepositional phrase:


preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

Here are some examples of the most basic prepositional phrase:


At home

At = preposition; home = noun.

In time

In = preposition; time = noun.

From Richie

From = preposition; Richie = noun.

With me

With = preposition; me = pronoun.

By singing

By = preposition; singing = gerund.

About what we need

About = preposition; what we need = noun clause.

Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:


From my grandmother

From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.

Under the warm blanket

Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.

In the weedy, overgrown garden

In = preposition; the, weedy, overgrown = modifiers; garden = noun.

Along the busy, six-lane highway

Along = preposition; the, busy, six-lane = modifiers; highway = noun.

Without excessively worrying

Without = preposition; excessively = modifier; worrying = gerund.
Understand what prepositional phrases do in a sentence.


A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?

Read these examples:


The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.

Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!

The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.

Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!

The note from Beverly confessed that she had eaten the leftover pizza.

Which note? The one from Beverly!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? orWhere?


Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.

How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!

Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.

When did Josh do his begging? Before class!

Feeling brave, we tried the Dragon Breath Burritos at Tito's Taco Palace.

Where did we eat the spicy food? At Tito's Taco Palace!
Remember that a prepositional phrase will never contain the subject of a sentence.


Sometimes a noun within the prepositional phrase seems the logical subject of a verb. Don't fall for that trick! You will never find a subject in a prepositional phrase. Look at this example:


Neither of these cookbooks contains the recipe for Manhattan-style squid eyeball stew.

Cookbooks do indeed contain recipes. In this sentence, however, cookbooks is part of the prepositional phrase of these cookbooks. Neither—whatever a neither is—is the subject for the verb contains.

Neither is singular, so you need the singular form of the verb, contains. If you incorrectlyidentified cookbooks as the subject, you might write contain, the plural form, and thus commit a subject-verb agreement error.

Some prepositions—such as along with and in addition to—indicate "more to come." They will make you think that you have a plural subject when in fact you don't. Don't fall for that trick either! Read this example:


Tommy, along with the other students, breathed a sigh of relief when Mrs. Markham announced that she was postponing the due date for the research essay.

ADVERTISEMENT

Definition Of Advertisement :

Advertisement is a communication whose is to inform potential costumers about to generic increased consumetion of those product and throught the creation and reinforcement often contain both factual information and persuasive massage. every major medium is used to deliver these.
Massage, including, television, radio, movies, magazines, newspaper, video games, the internet and billboards. Advertising is often placed by and advertising agency on behalf of a company.

In Short, Adverb
Information for persuading an motivation people so that it will attract them to the service and the thing that are offered or informed.

Function of Advertisement
a. Promotion
b. Communication
c. Information


* In making an Advertisement keep the following points :
1. Language of Advertisement :
Using the correct or suitable words
Using the Interesting and suggestive expression
Using positive expression
Text of Advertisement should be directed to goal

2. Content of Advertisement :
Objective and honest
Brief and clear
Not macking to group or other producer
Attractive Attantion


* Advertisement how 3 meaning :
=) Advertisement is a comerical solicitation designed to sell some commodity, service or similar. Companies try to sell their product using.
=) Advertisement is a public notice the city council placed an advertisement in the local newspaper in informs it residents of the forthcom in road works.
=) Advertisement is refers to all people many advertisement are designed to generate in creased consumption of those products and service through the creation and reinforcement of brand image "N" brand royality.

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PAST PERFECT TENSE

Definition of Past Perfect Tense :
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed of the finished certain time in the past too : or past perfect tense is used to Express an Action or an event that had happened before that other event or actionhappened.

formula of verbal sentence :
(+) S + had + verb 3
(- ) S + had + not + verb 3
(? ) had + S + verb 3

Example :
(+) She had put my book on the table last night .
(- ) She had not put my book on the table last night .
(? ) Had she put my book on the table last night ?

Formula of Nominal Sentence :
(+) S + had + been + non verb
(- ) S + had + not + been + non verb
(? ) Had + S + been + non verb

Example :
(+) I had been there when the accident happened .
(- ) I had not been there when the accident happened .
(? ) Had I been there when the accident happened ?

NOTE :
I had = I'd
You had = You'd
We had = We'd
They had = They'd
He had = He'd
She had = She'd
It had = It'd

Use the present perfect tense when:
=) Something happened in the past, and
=) The result of happening is still there.

Examples:
1. I have closed the door. (The result; The door is still closed)
2. Dina has gone to Japan. (The result; Dina is still in Japan)


► The Affirmative Form
Pattern : S + Auxiliary Verb (Have/Has) + past participle + . . .

Examples:
1. He has bought a car here. (He has the car)
2. I lived in Japan (I know Japan)

This tense often uses “for” and “since” especially to express the continuing events (peristiwa yg masih berlanjut).

Examples:

1. I have been here for 15 minutes.
2. I have been here since 9 o’clock


Contraction of ‘s may be confusing sometimes. It can come from the verb be (is) or the auxiliary has. But you can understand it from the context.

The key are:

→ The contraction of ‘s from the auxiliary verb has when it is followed bypast participle.

→ The contraction of ‘s from the verb be (is) when it is followed by nouns, adjectives, or V-ing

Examples;

1. She’s borrowed my book. (auxiliary has)

2. She’s listening to music. (verb be)


The present perfect tense often uses adverb “just, ever, never, and already”, especially to express the speaker’s experiences or new information. (Note: never = not ever)

Examples:

+ We have just lived in Japan.

- Kenny has not already finished her homework.

? Has Sonny ever eaten quail eggs?

VOCABS: SHAPES, PARTS OF BODY

SHAPES

=) Simple Straight Sided Shapes
Example :
:: Rectangle (Persegi Panjang)
:: Square (Persegi)
:: Triangle (Segitiga)

=) Simple Rounded Shapes
Example :
:: Circle (Lingkaran)
:: Oval (Oval/Lonjong)

=) Simple Rounded Shapes
Example :
:: Circle (Lingkaran)
:: Oval (Oval/Lonjong)

=) Types of Triangle
Example :
:: Equilateral Triangle (Segitiga Sama Kaki)
:: Isosceles Triangle (Segitiga Sama Sisi)
:: Rightangled Triangle (Segitiga Siku-Siku)

=) 3D Shapes
Example :
:: Cone (Kerucut)
:: Cube (Kubus)
:: Cylinder (Tabung)
:: Pyramid (Limas)
:: Rectangular (Balok)
:: Prism (Prisma)
:: Sphere (Bola)

=) Mathematical ShapesExample :
:: Parallelogram (Jajargenjang)
:: Pentagon-5 sides (Segi 5)
::Hexagon-6 sides (Segi 6)
:: Octagen-8 sides (Segi 8)

=) Miscellaneous Shapes
Example :
:: Coffin, Diamond (Belah Ketupat)
:: Heart (Hati)
:: Kite (Layang-layang)
:: Petal, Shell (Kerang/Tiram)
:: Star (Bintang)
:: Teardrop


Parts of Body
The Body (Tubuh)
1.Hair → Rambut
2.Head → Kepala
3.Neck → Leher
4.Throat → Tenggorokan
5.Shoulder → Bahu

6.Chest → Dada
7.Back → Punggung
8.Waist → Pinggung
9.Stomach/Tummy → Perut
10.Hip → Pinggul
11.Bottom → Pantat
12.Armpit → Ketiak
13.Arm → Lengan
14.Upper arm → Lengan Atas
15.Elbow → Siku
16.Forearm → Lengan Bawah
17.Wrist → Pergelangan Tangan
18.Fist → Kepalan Tangan
19.Hand → Tanagn
20.Palm → Tapak Tangan
21.Thumb → Ibu Jari
22.Finger → Jari Tangan
23.Nail → Kuku
24.Leg → Kaki
25.Thigh → Paha
26.Knee → Lutut
27.Calf → Betis
28.Ankle → Pergelangan Kaki
29.Foot → Kaki
30.Heel → Tumit
31.Instep → Kura-Kura Kaki
32.Sole → Tapak Kaki
33.Toes → Jari Kaki


The Skeleton (Rangka Manusia)
1.Skull → Tengkorak
2.Collar-bone → Tulang Selangka
3.Shoulder-blade → Tulang Belikat
4.Ribs → Tulang Rusuk
5.Backbone/Spine → Tulang Belakang / Punggung
6.Breastbone → Tulang dada
7.Hip-bone/Pelvis → Tulang pinggul
8.Kneecap → Tulang Tempurung Kepala


The Face (Wajah)
1.Eye → Mata
2.Noise → Hidung
3.Ear → Telinga
4.Mouth → Mulut
5.Cheek → Pipi
6.Chin → Dagu
7.Temple → Pelipis
8.Forehead/Brow → Dahi/Kenig
9.Jaw → Rahang
10.Moustache → Kumis
11.Beard → Janggut
12.Tooth → Gigi
13.Lip → Bibir
14.Tongue → Lidah


THE EYE (MATA)
1.Eyeball → Bola Mata
2.Eyebrow → Alis Mata
3.Eyelid → Kelopak Mata
4.Eyelashes → Bulu Mata
5.Pupil → Manik Mata
6.Iris → Selaput Pelangi


THE INSIDES (ORGAN DALAM)
1.Brain → Otak
2.Windpipe → Batang Tenggorokan
3.Heart → Jantung
4.Lung → Paru-Paru
5.Liver → Hati
6.Kidney → Ginjal
7.Intestines → Usus
8.Bladder → Kandung Kemis
9.Vein → Pembuluh Balik
10.Artery → Pembuluh Nadi
11.Muscle → Otot

GREETINGS

Definition
Greetings is a very common expression s to say that we meet people or we want to be nice with them.

Formal Greetings
- Good morning (until about lunch time, before 12 a.m)
- Good afternoon (12-6 p.m)
- Good evening (until about 9 p.m)
- Good morning Sir, Ma'am,

Notes : Do not use "Good Bye" except in Australia.

Informal Greetings
- Hi, Shanty !
- Morning, Tom !
- Hello..

Initial Greetings
- How are you ? I'm fine thank you.
- How's it doing ?
- How are you doing ?
- How's life ?

Responding to initial greetings
- Very well, thank you. And you ?
- I'm good/okay/alright
- Oh, pretty good
- Not too bad, thanks
- Fine, thanks
- Excellent

PRESENT TENSE

Definition
The simple present tense is used to indicate a situation right now at the moment of speaking.

<< Notes >>
The simple present says something was true in the past, is true in the present, and will be true in the future.
It is used for general statement of fact.
The simple present tense is used for habitual or everyday activity.

Pattern
Nominal
( + ) S + tobe + complement
( - ) S + tobe + not + complement
( ? ) Tobe + S + complement ?


When using word question (W/H question such as what, who, why, when, where, which, how)
We simply put the question word in the beginning of the sentences and followed by the form of
question pattern above.

Example
Why is she angry ?
w/h + tobe + S + complement ?

Verbal( + ) S + V1 + s/es + O/C / adv
( - ) S + do/does + not + V1 + O/C / adv
( ? ) Do/does + S + V1 + O/C / adv ?

PAST TENSE

Definition of Past Tense :
Past tense is to tell the events or incidents at the past time.


Past tense is used :
:: When the speaker thinks of an activity or state as occurred and complete at a specific time in the past .
:: For a non-fact in the present or future time.This is traditionally called the” subjunctive mood “.


Example : f I had the money now,I’d buy a car .
=) To refer a single event on the past .

Example : I called Mary last night .
=) The past habitual action .

Example : We went to school together,and we shared many experinces .


The Simple Past Tense :
Simple Past Tense is kind of tense which is used to describe an event or action that happened already in a certain time in the past.
Adverbs used: yesterday,last night ,last week,two days ago,a few minutes ago,last weekend ,last month ,last years,in 1984,etc

=) Simple past for regular verbs is added by- ed to the root of a word .
Example : She worked at the office yesterday .

=) A negation is produced by adding did not and the verb in its infinitive form .
Example : She did not work at the office yesterday .

Question sentence are started with did as in Did she work at the office yesterday ?

Verbal
There are two pattern of Simple Past Tense :
( + ) Subject + verb II + complement
( - ) Subject + did not + verb I + complement
( ? ) Did + subject + verb I ?

Nominal
( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Object
( – ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + Not + Object
( ? ) To be ( was/ were ) + Subject + Object ?

Past Continuonus Tense

Past Continuonus Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an event or an action which was happening in a certain in the past.
As with the present tense,the continuous aspect that the activity is in progress ,or that it is uncompleted ,at the specified time.

The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + to be ( was/were ) + verb – ing + complement
( - ) Subject + was not / were not + verb- ing + complement
( ? ) Was/were + subject + verb-ing + complement ?

Past Perfect Tense
Past Perfect Tense is a kind of tense that is used to describe an action or an event that started in a certain time in the past and completed or finished till certain or an event that had happened before the other event or action happened.

The Pattern :
( + ) Subject + had + verb III + complement
( – ) Subject + had not + verb III + complement
( ? ) Had + subject + verb III + complement ?

PROCEDURE TEXT

Definition of Procedure Text :
Procedure Text is a text that is designed to describe how something is achieved throught a squence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different processes in a squence of steps. This text uses simple present tense, often imperative sentence. It also uses the temporal conjuction such as : First, second, then, next, finally, etc .

=) The Generic structures of procedure text are :
:: Goal / aim (or tittle)
:: Materials ( not required for all procedural text )
:: Steps ( The actions that must be taken )

=) The generic structure of procedure text are :
Goal/aim (or title)
Materials (not required for all procedure text)
Steps (the action that must be taken)=) Linguistic Features

Focus on generalized human agents (often implict)
Use of simple present
Use of mainly temporal conjunction
Use of mainly action verbs (often imperratives)
Example of procedure text :

=> EXAMPLE :

Goal : How to make friedrice

Ingredients :
:: a plate of rice
:: 2 tablespoon oil
:: 1 tablespoon soybean sauce
:: 1 egg
:: 5 shallots
:: 2 cloves of garlic
:: some salt and pepper

Equipments :
:: a knife
:: a frying pan
:: a spatula
:: a plate

Steps :
1. Slice the shallots and garlic
2. Pour the oil into the pan and heat it
3. Cook the shallot and garlic until it smells nice
4. Put the rice into the pan
5. Season with some salt and pepper
6. Stir the rice until all the ingredients are mixed well
7. Put the rice on a plate.

NARRATIVE TEXT

>> Narative text khusus menceritakan tentang kejadian dulu seperti legenda, mitos, fabel, dll .

Definition of Narative Text :
Narative text is a text that is uses for the purpose of entertaining or amusing, creating, stimulating amotions, motivating, guilding and teaching the readers or the listeners and it usually deals with actual or vacious axperience .


=) Narative text such as : Fable (mouse deer and crocodile), lagend / folk tables (sangkuriang, malin kundang), fairy tale (Cinderella, snow white, pinochio) .


Complication: it is about the conflict or the big problem of the story. Complication is the part of the story in which there is a conflict among the characters of the story (it is possible to make more than one conflict in a complication), and it is the climax of the story (the big problem in the story). A story can have more than one complication.

Resolution: it is the solution of the problem. It can be a happy or sad ending. In Resolution, the solution or the way out of the conflict/ the big problem must be written.

Coda: it is the change of one of the character or two, or the meaning of the story that can be caught as a moral value of life.


The Generic of Narative Text :
1) Orientation : It sets the scane and introduces the participants (it answer the questions = who, when, what, where) .
2) Evaluation : a stepping back to evaluate the plight (the information about the narrator's point of view). It's optional .
3) Complications : a crisis or a problem arises. It usually involves the main characters .
4) Resulation : a solution to the problem (for better or worse) .
5) Resolution : The crisis is revolved, for better or worse .

Linguistic features :
1. Use active verbs.
2. Use past tense.
3. Use conjunction.
4. The first person (I or We) or the third person (He, She, or They).
5. Use specific nouns.
6. Use adjective and adverbs

Kinds of Narrative Text
• Myth
• Legend
• Fable
• Folklore




EXAMPLE :

THE PRINCE AND PRINCESS

There once was a prince who wanted to marry a princess, but it had to be a real princess. So he went all over the world looking for a real princess. Everywhere he met young ladies who told him they were real princesses, but he could never be completely sure that this was true. There was always something about them that did not seem quite right. And so, after along time, the prince went back home to his parents and was very sad.
One evening there was a terrible storm. It rained heavily and there was thunder and lightning in the sky above the royal castle. Then there was a knock at the castle gate. The old king went out to see who it could be.
A princess was standing outside the gate. The rain ran down over her hair and clothes and into her shoes. She told the king that she was a real princess, and he asked her to come inside.
“Well, said the old queen. We’ll soon find out if that is true. She went into the guest bedroom and took the mattress and blanket off the bed. Then she put a little green pea on the bed. She put twenty mattress on top of the pea, and then twenty blankets on top of the mattress. This was where the princess was going to spend the night.
The next morning the queen asked the princess how she had slept.
“Oh, it was terrible!” answered the princess. “I didn’t close my eyes all night. I don’t know what was in my bed, but I lay on something hard, and now I am black and blue all over. It was quite a terrible night”
Now, the king, the queen and the prince could be sure that this was a real princess! She had felt the little pea through twenty mattresses and twenty blankets. Only a real princess will be able to do that!
So the prince married the princess, and the pea was put in a museum for everyone to see. And, unless someone has taken it, it is still there today.

RECOUNT TEXT

Definition Of Recount Text :
Recount Text is a text that is used to retell event for the purpose of informing of entertaining .

The Generic Structures of Recount Text are :
1. Orientation (It's gives the readers the background information needed to understand the text such as who was involved where it happened, when it happened) .
2. Events (a series of events ordered in a chronological sequence) .
3. Re-Orientation (restates the writer's opinion or personal comment of the writer on the incident) .


Language Features :
1. Use of noun and pronoun .
Example : David, We, His .
2. Use of action verbs
Ex : Went, Spent, Played .
3. Use of time conjuction
Example : And, But, After .
4. Use of adverb and adverb of phrases
Example : In My House, Two Day Ago, Yesterday, Last Year .
5. Adjectives
Ex : Beautiful, Sunny .

The Significant Lexicogrammatical features :
=) Uses of simple past tense
=) Uses of temporal conjuction (when, after, before, next, letter, then) .
=) Uses of personal pronoun (I and we) .


*Example about Recount Text :

RA KARTINI 

Every April 21, people in Indonesia commemorate the Kartini day. It is
a beautiful day for the woman because we celebrate the birth of great
lady, RA. Kartini. Everyone knows who kartini is. She is our national
heroine and a great lady with the bright idea.
Kartini was born in 1879, April 21 in Mayong Jepara. Her father was
RMAA. Sosroningrat, Wedana (assistant of head of regency) in Mayong.
Her mother, MA Ngasirah was a girl from Teluk Awur village in Jepara.
As the daughter of a noble family, she felt luck because she got more
than the ordinary people got. She got better education than other
children. She did anything she wants although it was forbidden. She
passed her childhood with her brother and sister. Because she was very
energetic, her father called her "trinil"
Then her father was chosen as Bupati (the head of regency) in Jepara.
She and her family then moved from Mayong to Jepara. In the same year,
Kartini's second sister RA Kardinah was born. The environment in Jepara
gave her big chance to develop her idea. She could study at the Dutch
owned school where only children from noble family could study here.
Few years after finishing her study, RA. Kartini was willing to
continue her study in higher level. But the custom of that day forbid a
woman to go to school. A tradition of that time, a teenage girl should
be secluded and limited her activity. So was Kartini. She was secluded
inside the house and forbidden to go out until a man propose her. The
rule could restrict her body but not her mind. During her "pingitan"
time, she spent her time by reading book which she got from her relatives.
Although she was not able to continue her study to higher level, she
was smart had a bright idea. She got the knowledge from the books she
read. To express her idea, she established a school for local people on
the backyard of Jepara city hall.
In November 12,1903, she married Adipati Djoyodiningrat, the head of
Rembang regency. According to Javanese tradition Kartini had to follow
her husband. Then she moved to Rembang.
In September 13, 1904 she gave a birth to her son. His name was
Singgih. But after giving birth to a son, her condition was getting
worse and she finally passed away on September 17, 1904 on her 25 years old.
Now Kartini has gone. But her spirit and dream will always be in our
heart. Nowadays Indonesian women progress is influenced by Kartini's
spirit stated on collection of letter "Habis gelap terbitlah terang" from the dusk to the dawn .

ANNOUNCEMENT

Definition of Announcement :

Announcement is something said, written, or paintend to make know what has happened (more often) what will happen .
In Writing an Announcement, keep the following points :
:: The title / type of event
:: Date / time, place and
:: Contact person


*For the Example :


1.
Attention Please


The student organization (OSIS)
Will hold a weekend camping
Next week all student are
Allwed to join it

Ruben




2.  3A class Excursion
We travel by bus to Situ Gunung
Days: on Friday – on Sunday
Time: at 9.a.m and at 4.p.m
Tent and floor mars will be provided but you will need a sleeping bag.You will also need a bag to carry your clothes, a water proof coat and pair of boots.Please bring your own plastic plate, spoon and cup and backpack for emergency equipment.

GIVING INTRUCTIONS

Definition of Giving Intructions :
Giving Intructions is an expression that is used in order that other person does what we intruct or request .

The example expression of giving intructions :
=) Open your book !
=) Close the door, please !
=) Stand up, please !
=) Be quiet, please !
=) Move them chair .

1. We use as commanding word in the from of infinite .
Without to : =) Stand up !
=) Clean the room .

2. We use be + adjective, noun or adverb .
=) be careful
=) be on time

3. We`use the word don't + verb infinite without .
To : =) don't move !
=) don't do it !

4. We use word please at beginning or at the end of an intruction to make it sounds more polite, for .
Example : =) Love me please .
=) keep silent, please .

Note : The tense used in giving intruction is "Simple Present" .


The difference between request and instructions

Instructions (also called imperatives)
Instructions require the person receiving them to do something, or to stop doing it. Instructions are directly addressed to the person who has to do thwm. Threfore, instructions are one of the few types of English sentences that do not need a subject. The subject is usually "you" (understood). If there is any doubt who should do the instruction, the "naming" form- the vocative is used.

Requests :
Requests are often questions, though indirect requesta may not be. Somentimes an instruction is changed into a request by the addition of "please" or a question tag. To make a request more polite we might use the subjunctive form of the verb. Very often English requests are indirect. Instead of asking someone to do something, the speaker asks if the person is able to do it. Theremore modals of ability ("can", "may",etc) are very often used.

Any example of instruction in traffic sign :

SYMPATHY EXPRESSIONS

Definition of Sympathy Expressions :
Sympathy Expressions is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concem or carefulness on other people's condition .

How can we give Sympathy Expression to someone :
We express it directly to him/her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short massage service (sms), e-mail, television, radio, and newspaper if he/she who got the trouble is far from us .

Several Expression of Sympathy :
:: I'm so sorry to hear that .
:: I'm awfully sorry about ...
:: Oh, how awfully .
:: Oh, dear !
:: How pity you are !


Example of dialogue that expressions :

Berry : Yesterday i lose my phone .
Lilly : Oh dear! I know what you feel .
Berry : hff...but hfff forget it .
Niia : Im sorry to hear that .
Lilly : yes,thankz to your sympathy berry .
Niia : Welcome .

GAINING ATTENTION

Definition of Gaining Attention :
Gaining Attantion is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to that we want to .

Asking for attention (formal) :
:: Exuse me, I wonder if I could trouble you .
:: May I have your attention, please !
:: Exuse me !
:: Sorry to trouble you .
:: Sorry to bother you .

Asking for attention (informal) :
:: Look at me !
:: Look what I’ve got here !
:: Look here !
:: Look !
:: Hey !
:: Attention, Please !

Showing attention:
:: I see .
:: Oh , yes .
:: Really ?
:: Mmmmm ...
:: Ahaaa ...
:: How interesting
:: I know what you mean
:: Oh, oh
:: Well’ well, well
:: Tell me more about it
:: Oh my god!!! Wkat happens next ?
:: What’s next ?
:: Is that all ?
:: Indeed ?:: Woww ...

Example :
Tina : Excuse me, Mrs !
Mrs. Ichi : Yes, what happen ?
Tina : Can you speak in Hermany ?
Mrs. Ichi : Oh, I can't speak in Germany, sir. I just can speak an english. I'm sorry ..
Tina : Ok. Thank's .
Mrs. Ichi : you're welcome ..:)

HAPPINES EXPRESSIONS

Definition of Happines Expressions :
Happiness Expressions is an expression that is used to show that someone or people one glad have excitid feelings .


What is Happiness ??

=) It is important first understand that the term "happiness" refers to the emotion, mood, and state of happiness, however researchers generally study the more enduring "state" .
=) Expressions is used to expressions happiness feelings when we are successful to do something .

What would you say to express you happiness ??
:: I'm happy because ..
:: Fantastic !
:: Great !
:: My life's fun of happy day .
:: You make me happy .
:: I'm so glad that you .
:: I like !
:: I love !
:: I'm statistied with ..
:: I'm pleased with ..
:: Congratulation !!
:: Exciting !!

We can Happiness Expressions of by :
=) Word (kata-kata)
=) Gestures (Gerakan)

For the Example of dialogue about Happiness Expressions :
Vira : What do you accept from your birthday, vivi ?
Vivi : Fantastic ! I can a new bag from my father .
That's new bag. It's very good .
Vira : Oh, I'm happy to hear it .
Vivi : Thank's vira .
Vira : You're welcome .

APPOINTMENT

Definition of Appointment :
Appointment tells about agreement for meeting. It's good to make an Appointment before you meet someone or people .

Making Appointment is a kind of expression wich is used to conduct promise .

How to make an Appointment ??
=) I'd like to make an appointment with ...(you/name) .
=) I want to an appointment to see ...(kim bum)
=) I'd like to make an appointment to see ...(indah)
=) I'd like you to come and see me .
=) Can I come and see you ??
=) What about ...(friday) .

How to Accepting an Appointment ??

=) All right, see you there !
=) No problem, I'm free on ...(monday)
=) Be there on time .
=) I will wait for you there .
=) It's a deal .


How to Changing an Appointment
=) What about ...(sunday 5 p.m)
=) Is that Ok. If we meet at 10 tomorrow morning ??
=) Do you have another time this afternoon ??
=) Could we change the day (time) of the meeting ??
=) Would you mind if we change the day (time) of the meeting ??


How to Cancelling an Appointment ??
=) I'm sorry. I'm very busy .
=) I'm terrible sorry. I have to put off my appointment .
=) I'm afraid I have to postpone my appointment with ...
(Toni tomorrow morning) .


Example dialogue about Appointment :

Risa : Could I come and see you this afternoon ??
Ayu  : All right ! see you there .
Risa : Could I came to your home this afternoon ??
Ayu : I'll wait for you .
Risa : What time I could go to your home ??
Ayu : No problem, I'm free at 2 p.m .